How many times should Karel turn left in order to turn right?

To understand how many times Karel should turn left to effectively turn right, it's important to visualize Karel's orientation and the mechanics of turning.

When Karel turns left, it turns 90 degrees counterclockwise. To achieve a right turn, which is a 90 degrees clockwise turn, Karel can reverse the direction of turn by performing left turns.

Specifically, if Karel turns left once, it will face 90 degrees counterclockwise from its original position. If Karel turns left again, now it's facing the opposite direction, which is 180 degrees from the starting point. After the third left turn, Karel will end up facing 270 degrees counterclockwise, which is equivalent to a 90 degrees clockwise turn from the original position—effectively achieving a right turn.

Therefore, Karel needs to turn left three times in order to execute a right turn. This understanding of the relationship between left turns and right turns is crucial in programming movements for Karel or any robot operating in a similar environment.