How does Karel know where to turn based on its facing direction?

Karel knows where to turn based on its facing direction through defined functions that check its current orientation. In programming Karel, specific functions can be utilized to determine Karel's position and the direction it is facing. These functions provide Karel with the ability to assess its current state and make decisions accordingly. When Karel is programmed to turn, it can reference these functions to decide whether to turn left, right, or move forward, ensuring it follows a logical sequence based on its orientation.

This mechanism allows Karel to execute movements accurately within its environment, responding to commands that are contingent on the direction it is facing. For instance, if Karel is facing north and is instructed to turn right, it would know to face east based on its current orientation and the defined functions that manage this transition. The clear and structured approach ensures that Karel's navigation and interactions within the grid are both efficient and consistent, effectively following the rules defined in its programming.